Thyroid eye disease was first described by Robert James Graves, FRCS, an Irish surgeon who recognized the association of hyperthyroidism with exophthalmos in 1835. Even today, many use Graves’ ophthalmopathy when discussing this disease.
The eye and periocular findings are most commonly associated with hyperthyroidism but can also be associated with hypothyroidism, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or normal thyroid function. Women are five to six times more likely to develop thyroid eye disease (TED), and it most commonly presents between the ages of 30 and 50 years. Significant risk